The Social History of Toilets in Iran

The “Social History of Objects” series is created to understand modern Iranian history through different methods of using objects. Objects are not merely simple, disposable, and identity-less things; rather, they can have profound impacts on our social relations and play an active role in the formation of our social history. This series demonstrates how we can comprehend modernity through concepts such as the calendar, toilet tank, and lipstick. This book is written in a simple and understandable way that is accessible not only to researchers and students but also to the general public. Through this book, we can identify the eventful history of toilets in Iran from past to present and observe its impacts on urban planning, architecture, literature, culture, art, and other aspects of life.